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Exploring the Absence of Navigation on the Ganges River in India

THINKVIEWS

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June 15, 2024

Exploring the Absence of Navigation on the Ganges River in India

The Ganges is a major river in South Asia, flowing through northern India and Bangladesh. With a total length of 2,525 kilometers and a basin area of 910,000 square kilometers, covering one-third of India’s land area. The Ganges ranks among the world’s top 20 rivers in terms of water flow, and the Ganges basin is the most densely populated river basin globally, housing over 400 million people and boasting a population density exceeding 390 people per square kilometer.

Despite its significance, large ships are rarely seen on the Ganges, India’s largest river. In contrast, China’s largest river, the Yangtze River, features over 71,000 kilometers of navigable waterways, annually serving 184 million passengers and transporting 4.714 billion tons of cargo.

Nestled in the densely populated and urbanized plains of northeastern India, the question arises: why is navigation virtually nonexistent on the Ganges River, despite its ample width and resources?

Situated at the rear of the Asian continent, the entire Indian Peninsula extends southward into the Indian Ocean, rendering India profoundly influenced by the interplay of land and sea and shaping its tropical monsoon climate.

During summer, the barometric pressure belt shifts, driving the wind belt northward and pushing the equatorial low pressure to the northern hemisphere. The southeast trade winds then sweep northward toward the Indian Peninsula, where they morph into southwesterly winds, laden with moisture from the Indian Ocean. These winds blanket the entire peninsula, triggering substantial precipitation, particularly along the south slopes of the Himalayas where precipitation is amplified due to blocking effects.

Conversely, winter witnesses the reversal of these atmospheric dynamics. The pressure belts and wind patterns shift southward, with the equatorial low pressure belt migrating to the southern hemisphere. The Asian continent experiences the dominance of cold high pressure systems, causing winds to blow from Mongolia and Siberia towards India, deflecting into northeast winds. These winds, originating from the northern inland regions, carry significantly less moisture, resulting in markedly reduced winter precipitation compared to summer.

Influenced by the tropical monsoon climate, the Ganges River Basin experiences two distinct precipitation seasons: the rainy season, concentrated from July to October, marks the flood season of the Ganges River, with its water volume comprising 82% of the annual total. In contrast, the remaining eight months constitute the dry season, during which the Ganges River’s water volume dwindles to a mere 18% of the total annual volume. The stability of river water is crucial for the development of navigation within a river system. The Rhine River serves as a prime example of a “golden waterway” enabled by consistent precipitation throughout the year within a temperate maritime climate.

However, the Ganges River presents a different scenario, characterized by drying up in times of drought and flooding in times of excessive rainfall. This erratic behavior results in high navigational value during periods of ample water flow, while the value diminishes significantly during low-water periods, which can persist for up to eight months.

Is there a viable man-made solution to this dilemma? Indeed, constructing reservoirs offers a potential remedy for regulating river water volume. The Yangtze River, situated in a similar monsoon climate zone, provides a compelling example. China has erected 284 large reservoirs and 1529 medium-sized reservoirs along the Yangtze River’s tributaries. These reservoirs serve not only for power generation but also for flood mitigation and water release during dry periods. By strategically controlling water levels—closing gates during flood seasons and opening them during dry periods—the Yangtze River effectively counters the challenges posed by the monsoon climate, ensuring consistent water levels year-round and facilitating uninterrupted ship passage.

However, a direct application of this solution to the Ganges River basin proves unfeasible when considering the differing climate and topography of India.

The Ganges River faces additional challenges due to high sedimentation and its relatively flat terrain. Flowing from northwest to southeast, the Ganges Plain provides a flat and open backdrop to the river.

Considering the period of continental drift, the collision between the Indian Ocean plate and the Eurasian continental plate resulted in the formation of the towering Himalayas. Simultaneously, structural subsidence in the southern foothills of the Himalayas created numerous troughs gradually filled by the alluvial action of the Indus and Ganges Rivers, ultimately forming the present-day Indus-Ganges Plain. Geologically categorized as a pre abyssal or foreland basin, the Indus-Ganges Plain is flatter than the average plain.

Unlike the Yangtze River, where reservoirs are mostly constructed in upstream areas with steep terrain to regulate water levels downstream, the situation along the Ganges River poses unique challenges. The mainstream traverses the Great Plains, characterized by minimal elevation changes and densely populated areas.

The construction of reservoirs in such regions would inundate vast areas, posing significant resettlement costs beyond governmental capacities. The northern tributaries, flowing through the southern slopes of the Himalayas, feature steep slopes and narrow canyons, rendering large reservoir construction impractical. Similarly, the southern tributaries, mainly traversing the Deccan plateau, despite gentler slopes compared to the southern Himalayan slopes, receive average precipitation levels, diminishing the effectiveness of reservoir construction in regulating the main stream’s water levels. Moreover, these areas are densely populated, further complicating large-scale reservoir projects.

Consequently, only Nepal has attempted to construct small reservoirs along the Ganges River tributaries. However, their combined capacity of 28 billion cubic meters pales in comparison to the Ganges River’s annual runoff, exceeding 550 billion cubic meters. Additionally, the immense sediment load poses a significant hindrance to reservoir construction. The Ganges River annually loses 1.451 billion tons of sand, surpassing that of the Yangtze River threefold and even exceeding the renowned sediment-rich Yellow River by sevenfold. The likelihood of sedimentation rapidly filling any constructed reservoir is thus considerable.

Furthermore, the Ganges River’s excessively flat topography results in a significantly slower average flow rate of 12,000 cubic meters per second in the middle and lower reaches, far lower than the Yangtze River’s average of 28,800 cubic meters per second. The river’s wide and shallow channels further exacerbate navigation challenges, as deeper-draft vessels are prone to grounding.

Moreover, the absence of an estuary and the Ganges River’s location far from international shipping lanes in the Bay of Bengal discourage maritime traffic. In contrast, China’s Yangshan Port and Zhoushan Port lie along major international shipping routes, facilitating convenient access for ships from various countries.

Lastly, the widespread adoption of rail transportation, dating back to the British colonial era, has supplanted river transport along the Ganges. The extensive railway network spanning over 50,000 kilometers efficiently connects various regions, rendering river transport obsolete. Additionally, historical bridge construction over the Ganges, characterized by low bridge heights relative to the river level, further deters large-scale shipping development. Even today, makeshift pontoon bridges are erected near permanent bridges to alleviate traffic congestion, further underscoring the limited navigational capacity of the Ganges.

Despite these challenges, the Indian government has taken proactive steps to enhance the Ganges’ shipping capacity. Initiatives such as the Jal Marg Vikas Project, launched in 2014 with support from the World Bank, aim to upgrade the Ganges as National Waterway No. 1. This ambitious plan involves constructing inland multimodal terminals to accommodate vessels weighing 1,500-2,000 tons. The successful inauguration of India’s first inland navigation terminal, Varanasi Port, in December 2018 marks a significant milestone, reintroducing inland container transportation after 70 years of independence.

Source: Advert Gallery, Santorini Dave, Flickr

Henry Chang-Yu Lee: I’m not omniscient, just an ordinary scientist

GESELLSCHAFT

Tendenzblick

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June 11, 2024

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Henry Chang-Yu Lee: I’m not omniscient, just an ordinary scientist

Henry Chang-Yu Lee, an internationally renowned criminal forensics expert, was born in Jiangsu Province, China, and is of Chinese American descent. In July 1998, he became the chief emeritus for the Connecticut State Police, marking the first time a Chinese American had held such a position at the state level in the United States.

Lee has conducted forensic examinations in several high-profile cases, including the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Watergate scandal of Richard Nixon, and the Impeachment of Bill Clinton.

At 86 years old, Henry Chang-Yu Lee remains active and vigorous, speaking with clarity and displaying a keen sense of humor. Recently, he has been extensively involved in activities across China: from attending the opening ceremony of the second phase of the Henry Chang-Yu Lee Criminal Investigation Science Museum in Jiangsu Province, to lecturing at Xinhua College in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, and participating in the charity gala in Shanghai.

With over 60 years of experience in law enforcement, Lee continues to contribute to the exchange and advancement of forensic science between Eastern and Western countries. During his lectures, he captivates young students by sharing intriguing case studies.

Despite his global renown as a criminal forensics expert, Lee humbly stated in a recent interview with China News Agency that he considers himself simply an ordinary scientist. He also encouraged young people to pursue forensic science education.

How has your Chinese background shaped and influenced your career trajectory?

This is a significant and challenging question to address. In the West, due to widespread misinformation perpetuated by the media and society, many Westerners hold the belief that the only contributions Chinese people made to the United States were in building railroads, operating laundries, and restaurants in the 18th century.

Particularly in recent years, Chinese individuals have faced suppressions influenced by social media. However, contrary to these misconceptions, there are numerous outstanding Chinese individuals in the U.S. across various fields who have made substantial contributions not only to the U.S. but also to the world.

Historically, forensic science practitioners in the U.S. were predominantly white men. When I initially applied for membership in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), I faced rejection on the basis of being a person of color, although this information was not accurately assessed. While many Chinese individuals might have tolerated such situations, I took a proactive stance by writing a letter to the AAFS seeking clarification.

The response from the AAFS cited the reason for my rejection as having completed a portion of my educational experience outside the United States. At that juncture, I suggested revising their bylaws to only permit participation from white individuals. Eventually, they granted me provisional membership and awarded me their highest honor after three years.

In 2022, I was invited to speak at the AAFS Annual Conference. During my speech, I emphasized the Academy’s progress over the decades in promoting equality for all members. My hope for the future is one of global peace and integration, envisioning a world where boundaries dissolve, emphasizing our shared humanity, and advocating for equal treatment for everyone.

Which of the over 8,000 cases you’ve handled throughout your career stands out as particularly memorable or impactful to you?

First and foremost, it’s important to dispel any misconceptions: no case can be solved by a single individual alone; it truly takes a team effort. Solving a case involves numerous factors beyond just forensic science; it requires collaboration with criminal police, engagement from the community, and often utilizes large databases and artificial intelligence technology.

It’s crucial to acknowledge that the media’s portrayal can sometimes exaggerate the role of individuals. I don’t consider myself a sleuth akin to Sherlock Holmes or Bao Zheng, a Chinese politician who defended peasants and commoners against corruption or injustice in China’s Song Dynasty; I’m simply an ordinary scientist working alongside others.

When discussing notable cases like the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the murder trial of American football star Simpson, or the Clinton impeachment case, it’s important to recognize that while these cases garnered immense attention due to their high-profile nature, there are countless other cases that are equally significant. One case that has particularly resonated with me is that of the murder of an elderly woman who lived alone. Despite lacking the spotlight, it was a classic case that deeply affected me.

The murder occurred on Thanksgiving, when a concerned neighbor delivered food to the elderly woman, only to discover her lifeless body. She had been brutally stabbed 17 times, and although there should have been ample blood at the scene, the initial responding officers overlooked it.

Through scientific methods, we were able to detect blood on the floor and identify shoe prints. Despite the absence of advanced technology like big data at the time, over 200 officers diligently combed through trash cans near the crime scene that night, eventually leading to a breakthrough. Near the trash cans, we found a suspect who had used a card to purchase the shoes found at the scene — the victim’s nephew, driven to murder due to drug addiction and financial desperation.

There are no rewards or celebrations for solving crimes. However, on that day, we found closure for the victim, prioritized justice, and demonstrated the importance of putting people’s lives first while remaining grounded in reality.

What lessons can Eastern and Western cultures exchange with each other in the realm of forensic science?

Differences between Eastern and Western societies stem from variations in culture and systems, yet the fundamental principles of civilization remain universal. For instance, Chinese learning traditionally emphasizes memorization and recitation, while Western education emphasizes critical thinking. Many Chinese students face challenges when adapting to American culture due to these differences, but fostering open communication can help bridge the gap.

Chinese traditional culture, characterized by the concept of “sincerity,” has deeply influenced my life, emphasizing genuine interactions and actions towards others. Conversely, Western culture, with its emphasis on innovation and breaking rules, has also inspired me significantly.

These cultural disparities often prove beneficial in solving cases. For instance, in a case involving fried chicken found at the crime scene, the manner in which different parts of the chicken were consumed helped determine the perpetrator. I even made a light-hearted remark about Chinese preferences for chicken legs, noting that the untouched fried chicken legs implicated a non-Chinese individual in the crime.

The eclectic nature of Chinese culture influences my approach to interacting with others during investigations. When collaborating with Western counterparts at crime scenes, I employ a peaceful and tactful manner to guide them in recognizing areas for improvement in their forensic skills, fostering a cooperative and productive environment.

Are you familiar with traditional Chinese methods of criminal investigation, and do you believe they remain pertinent in modern forensic practices?

Indeed, the utilization of scientific methods in crime-solving dates back centuries, even to figures like Bao Zheng and Song Ci, a renowned forensic scientist of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Song Ci’s seminal work, “Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified,” is considered the world’s earliest forensic science book. Despite previous beliefs abroad that forensic science originated in England or Austria, Song Ci’s contributions underscore China’s historical prominence in this field.

In contemporary times, China has made significant advancements in criminal investigation, evidenced by the establishment of identification centers within public security systems. Through my experiences teaching and consulting in China over the past few years, I’ve observed firsthand the remarkable progress in forensic science.

China’s forensic science practices now align closely with international standards, with certain aspects even surpassing global benchmarks. This progress highlights China’s commitment to excellence in forensic science and its contribution to the broader international community.

Source: shnewtown, Xinhua, azchinesenews, l-tron

China’s medical teams in Africa: navigating the neoliberal health quagmire

THINKVIEWS

Claudie Dubois

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June 9, 2024

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China’s medical teams in Africa: navigating the neoliberal health quagmire

From 1963 to 2023, China dispatched 24,000 members of its foreign aid medical teams to Africa, with 45 medical teams currently operating across 100 work sites in 44 African countries. These teams have established counterpart cooperation with African hospitals, supported the establishment of specialty centers, trained local medical personnel, and improved the health and well-being of people in recipient countries.

Through various activities such as clinical teaching, surgical demonstrations, academic exchanges, health lectures, epidemic prevention education, remote guidance, and medical tours, they have also contributed to upgrading the medical technology level in these countries.

However, in several East African countries, present-day regulations often require doctors to obtain professional qualifications issued by national medical associations in order to practice medicine. This requirement poses challenges for many members of the current medical teams, particularly due to language barriers and difficulties in obtaining qualification certificates.

Consequently, some members hold only volunteer certificates and are limited to auxiliary roles. This contrasts with the experiences of earlier medical teams, particularly during the Nyerere period in Tanzania, where the absence of strict licensing requirements allowed them to engage more freely in medical practice. This difference in treatment is not attributed to variations in skill level between former and current team members or changes in government attitudes towards China, but rather to the evolving medical ecology in Africa.

The development of African healthcare ecology has undergone four main stages since the entry of Western colonizers.

The first stage was characterized by missionary medicine, viewing healthcare as a means of religious salvation and colonization. The second stage, colonial or imperial medicine, operated in conquered territories to serve colonial interests. Post-colonial medicine, the third stage, saw the continuation of colonial influences alongside efforts towards national health system development. The current stage, democratic political medicine, reflects a balance between pragmatism, human rights, and neoliberalism.

However, the predominance of neoliberal values in healthcare systems has created challenges for non Western medical teams, as African countries have adopted Western medical standards requiring extensive training and licensing for medical practice.

The Prevalence of Neoliberalism and the Embarrassing Situation of Medical Teams in Africa

The licensing of physicians mentioned previously is just one aspect of the neoliberal medical ecology. Neoliberalism advocates for the medical field to operate under market logic, believing that monopolies without market competition lead to inefficiency. Consequently, healthcare in Africa has witnessed significant privatization in recent decades.

Due to limited pharmaceutical production capacity and market competition, modern medicine in Africa heavily relies on expensive imports. Some African countries permit doctors in public hospitals to practice multiple professions, allowing them to open pharmacies, clinics, and even hospitals to address the scarcity of national health resources.

However, under neoliberal influences, some medical practitioners exploit this by diverting hospital drugs to their own pharmacies for substantial profits through false prescriptions. Moreover, egoism among doctors within public hospitals, coupled with the pursuit of welfare benefits not aligned with social development, has resulted in frequent medical strikes and a mass exodus of medical and public health personnel to higher-paying sectors.

Neoliberalism also emphasizes the pursuit of advanced technology and talent. Despite Africa’s overall medical standard lagging behind, its professional standards for physicians and pharmaceutical quality are comparable to those of the World Health Organization, Europe, and the United States.

However, the insistence on adhering to Western standards has hindered the provision of basic medical care to the African population. With the absence of local pharmaceutical companies and lower drug standards compared to the West, Africa relies on expensive imported medicines, leading to significant resource waste and hindrance to meeting basic medical needs.

As African countries’ economy develops, their medical and healthcare systems progress as well. Consequently, the expectations placed on foreign aid medical teams in Africa have evolved. Some African countries now request high-precision equipment, technology, and specialized center construction, rather than solely relying on experts.

For instance, the Ebola epidemic prompted demands for disease control laboratories. While China previously provided personnel assistance, it now offers sophisticated technology, such as mobile P3 laboratories, within a short timeframe. However, establishing these laboratories requires careful consideration of personnel training, biosafety, and regulatory frameworks, posing challenges for African Union countries.

Neoliberal values also emphasize the population’s right to choose healthcare, leading to the proliferation of private medical institutions and medical tourism in Africa. While private hospitals offer top-notch services, they often cater to the wealthy elite and are predominantly controlled by foreign capital. As a result, health inequality persists, with the general population relying on underfunded public hospitals. The preference for overseas medical treatment among African elites further exacerbates the neglect of domestic healthcare infrastructure.

This neoliberal-led healthcare system presents a dilemma for China’s medical teams in Africa. While they aim to assist African healthcare systems, they are confronted with the realities of neoliberal dominance, where profit-driven practices and healthcare inequality prevail. This disconnect between perception and reality has prompted a crisis of values among China’s medical aid workers, as they navigate the complex landscape of African healthcare.

The Awakening of Medical Autonomy in Africa and Opportunities for Medical Teams in Africa

Healthcare autonomy has always been a crucial aspect of Africa’s pursuit of independent development. In the early years of independence, amid the Cold War, most African countries explored paths suitable for their own medical and health development, despite economic constraints. For instance, Tanzania implemented a free medical policy and primary health care measures during the socialist villagization movement of Ujamaa, while Kenya introduced external capital to push forward healthcare privatization reforms.

Additionally, many African countries, including South Africa, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda, revitalized traditional medicine as part of their healthcare strategies. With the recent economic development of Africa, characterized by rich natural resources, abundant labor force, and a large market potential, the continent has made significant strides in healthcare.

This progress includes building hospitals, establishing pharmaceutical companies, training local medical personnel, preventing and controlling infectious diseases, improving child nutrition, maternal and child health, and developing a certain degree of medical and healthcare resources and service capacity.

Consequently, Africa’s sense of autonomy in healthcare has strengthened, particularly in the search for development strategies, disease control, multilateral cooperation, and the promotion of traditional medicine. However, the lack of clear health development strategies and realistic goals can hinder self-development and pose challenges to aid efforts in Africa.

European and American aid, in particular, often focuses on medicines, vaccines, disease treatment, and epidemiological control, neglecting health system development. This has perpetuated Africa’s dependency on external medical resources and hindered the establishment of a self-sufficient health system.

Nonetheless, Africa’s increasing sense of autonomy in healthcare presents opportunities for Chinese medical teams. These teams aim to assist in the formulation of practical health development strategies and disease prevention measures that benefit the general population.

Through initiatives like disease control centers and public health interventions, China’s involvement in Africa’s healthcare has been pivotal. Notably, China’s assistance during the Ebola epidemic and its contribution to establishing the Africa CDC exemplify the potential for multilateral cooperation in public health governance.

Moreover, Africa’s autonomy in healthcare extends to traditional medicine, deeply rooted in African culture and consciousness. Traditional medicine, emphasizing comprehensive treatment and accessibility, has played a significant role in dealing with various diseases and has become a crucial option for African people seeking independent medical treatment.

China’s recognition of traditional medicine has led to cooperation with African countries in this field, with agreements signed to collaborate on laws and regulations, healthcare, education, training, research and development, and industrial cooperation. As China’s medical aid to Africa evolves, there is potential for transformation from bilateral to multilateral cooperation, involving international organizations, local NGOs, and medical organizations from other donor countries. This reflects Africa’s increasing autonomy and the diversified approach to healthcare cooperation on the continent.

Source: Xinhua, ChinAfrica, Ecns, China Military

Facing the U.S. election, is Europe ready?

Tendenzblick

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June 5, 2024

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Facing the U.S. election, is Europe ready?

Anxiety is arguably one of the most prevalent mindsets in Europe today, reflected in the theme of the Munich Security Conference 2024. This anxiety is fueled not only by geopolitical and economic uncertainty but also by the looming specter of the 2024 US elections, particularly the possibility of Trump returning to the White House.

While Biden’s election initially brought relief to Europe, Trump’s significant vote share in the last election has continued to cast a shadow over the continent. With Trump leading in the polls as the US election approaches, discussions surrounding his potential return are intensifying in Europe. Preparing for this possibility has emerged as a pressing and urgent issue for the continent to address.

Europe’s triple skepticism

Europe is bracing for a whirlwind of political shifts in 2024, marked by both the European Parliament elections and those within numerous EU member states. Yet, the impending US election in November holds equal significance for Europe, impacting the trajectories of Ukraine, NATO, and the EU itself.

If Trump’s 2016 election was a rare event, his potential return in 2024 could be destined. While Europe has experience dealing with Trump, a re-elected Trump could adopt a more assertive governing stance, injecting uncertainty into pivotal issues shaping Europe’s future.

One critical concern revolves around the Ukrainian crisis, which has remained a key geopolitical focus for Europe. Dependent on US leadership, Europe anxiously awaits potential shifts in US policy toward Ukraine post-election. Trump’s past remarks and policy proposals, including cutting off aid to Ukraine, stand in contrast to Europe’s current approach, leaving Europe in a quandary: compromising its stance or independently aiding Ukraine.

Furthermore, Trump’s isolationist tendencies pose a threat to the future of NATO and transatlantic relations. While Biden’s administration revitalized the transatlantic alliance, Trump’s potential return could reignite disputes over NATO defense spending and collective defense obligations. Despite precautions taken by the US Congress, Europe remains wary of potential upheavals in NATO dynamics under a re-elected Trump.

Moreover, Europe grapples with concerns regarding the EU’s internal stability amidst Trump’s possible re-election. Trump’s alignment with right-wing populism in Europe could exacerbate existing challenges, such as migration and climate issues, and deepen divisions within the EU. With some member states favoring closer ties with the US while others seek to bolster Europe’s strategic autonomy, Trump’s return threatens to polarize transatlantic relations and widen fault lines within the EU.

In essence, Europe faces a complex web of uncertainties, from navigating the Ukrainian crisis to safeguarding the integrity of transatlantic alliances and mitigating the divisive impact of right-wing populism. The outcome of the 2024 US election holds profound implications for Europe’s geopolitical landscape and its internal cohesion.

Preparing for Trump’s possible return

As the dust settles from the US election, Europe must brace itself for the potential return of Trump. Preparations are underway across three critical fronts: supporting Ukraine, enhancing defense capacity, and navigating potential trade conflicts.

Firstly, Europe is ramping up economic and military aid to Ukraine. At the multilateral level, EU leaders have approved a substantial 50 billion euro aid package over four years, signaling Europe’s commitment to taking a leadership role in supporting Ukraine. Additionally, the EU is bolstering military assistance through initiatives like the European Peace Fund, with a total of 6.1 billion euros provided since 2022. Bilaterally, EU member states are forging security agreements with Ukraine, offering both security assurances and tangible military support.

Secondly, fortifying defense capacity is paramount for Europe’s self-defense and to support Ukraine. At both multilateral and bilateral levels, efforts are underway to strengthen Europe’s defense industry and increase defense budgets. The EU’s launch of the European Defense Industrial Strategy signifies a milestone toward defense autonomy. NATO’s European members are also boosting defense spending, with 18 countries set to meet the 2% threshold of defense budgets in 2024, a historic achievement.

Lastly, Europe must prepare for potential protectionist measures under a re-elected Trump. Anticipating tariffs on EU products, the EU aims to engage with the Biden administration while reinforcing its own economic competitiveness through single market reforms. However, the EU’s Economic Security Strategy may require adjustments to address threats posed by Trump’s trade policies, which may ironically endanger EU’s economic security.

In summary, Europe is actively strategizing and mobilizing resources to navigate the uncertainties of a potential Trump return, focusing on supporting Ukraine, strengthening defense capabilities, and managing trade conflicts to safeguard its interests and stability.

Prospects for strategic autonomy in Europe are promising

Trump’s first term prompted a growing inclination towards European strategic autonomy. With the likelihood of his return on the rise, Europe is once again realizing the importance of bolstering its own capabilities and shaping its destiny independently of the uncertainties of US elections. Regardless of the final outcome, the mere possibility of Trump’s return is already influencing Europe’s policy decisions. Given the unpredictable nature of Trump’s stance towards the transatlantic alliance and the deteriorating security landscape in Europe, strategic autonomy is evolving from an option to a necessity.

Although some European nations tread cautiously to avoid upsetting the US, the concept of strategic autonomy is gaining traction and becoming increasingly ingrained in European policy frameworks. This shift raises the question of whether a new strategic culture will emerge in Europe, diverging from the post-World War II emphasis on multilateralism and normative power.

French President Macron’s recent statement at an international conference on Ukraine assistance, where he mentioned the possibility of sending troops to Ukraine, sparked controversy. Viewed within the context of European strategic autonomy, Macron’s statement wasn’t merely a slip of the tongue but rather a deliberate exploration of possibilities. This statement may signify the beginning of a broader shift in European strategic thinking and action.

Source: European Council on Foreign Relations, tiktok, Arizona Mirror

Mongolia Goes Full De-Russian: Abolishes Russian Alphabet, Uses Traditional Mongolian Language

Claudie Dubois

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June 2, 2024

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Mongolia Goes Full De-Russian: Abolishes Russian Alphabet, Uses Traditional Mongolian Language

More than 10 million Mongolians reside primarily in China and Mongolia, with 3.5 million in Mongolia and over 6 million in China, the majority (70%) residing in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mongolian serves as the common mother tongue for both populations, differing only in alphabet usage.

While Mongolia employs the Cyrillic alphabet, influenced by Russia, Mongolians in China predominantly use the old Uyghur alphabet. This prompts questions about Mongolia’s adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet and its current interest in revitalizing the traditional migratory script.

Creation of the Hudum Mongol Bichig

The Latin, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets are among the earliest major writing systems globally. Latin is prevalent in Western Europe and the Americas, while Cyrillic is widely used by Slavic peoples and those influenced by Russia. The migratory alphabet predates Cyrillic, originating in Central Asia based on the Suet alphabet.

Central Asia saw the rise of the Sogdians around the 10th century BC, who later developed the Sogdian alphabet by the 1st century AD. With Central Asia thriving as a trade hub, the Sogdian alphabet gained prominence. During the 5th-6th centuries AD, Turkic peoples migrated westward and adopted the Sogdian alphabet. The Kutlug I Bilge Boyla Khagan, ancestor of the Uyghurs, established the migratory khanate in the 8th century AD, leading to the emergence of the migratory alphabet influenced by the Sogdian alphabet.

Meanwhile, the Cyrillic alphabet emerged later, linked to Greek civilization. With the Latin alphabet dominating Europe after the Roman Empire’s conquests, Greek culture spread into Slavic territories, notably through the missionary efforts of St. Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century AD. The disciples of St. Cyril and Methodius developed the Cyrillic alphabet to facilitate Christianity’s spread, adopted by Slavic countries.

While the Balkans and Eastern Europe embraced Cyrillic, northern China during the late Tang Dynasty saw the establishment of the Qocho and the adoption of the migratory alphabet by nomadic peoples, including the Mongols, influenced by migratory culture.

Cyrillic Alphabet: the Shadow of the Soviet Union

From 1644 to the 18th century, the Qing dynasty extended its rule over Outer Mongolia, integrating it into China. During this time, the traditional Mongolian language, Hudum Mongol bichig, was spoken in the region.

While the Qing expanded their control over Mongolia, they faced threats from Tsarist Russia, which had historical ties to the Golden Horde. Russia’s eastward expansion in the 16th century led to conflicts with China, culminating in the Battle of Yaksa from 1653 to 1689. Despite initial defeats, Russia persisted in its efforts to influence Mongolia, supporting separatist movements and advocating for autonomy along the Sino-Russian border.

By the 1840s, weakened by internal strife, the Qing Dynasty faced renewed Russian aggression. Through unequal treaties, Russia acquired vast territories in northern China, aiming to establish a buffer zone. Exploiting Mongolia’s disaffection with Qing rule, Russia encouraged autonomy and even independence for Outer Mongolia.

Following the October Revolution in 1917, Soviet power emerged in Russia. The Soviet Union briefly withdrew from Outer Mongolia in 1918, only to return and establish the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924, effectively separating it from China. Although not part of the Soviet Union, Outer Mongolia became a satellite state, adopting Russian language and Cyrillic script.

Amidst debates over script usage, Outer Mongolia’s allegiance to the Soviet Union solidified. With Soviet support, Mongolia declared independence on January 1, 1946, adopting the Cyrillic alphabet to enhance literacy and administrative efficiency.

The Cyrillic alphabet’s horizontal orientation proved advantageous over the traditional vertical script, leading to significant literacy improvements. By the 1960s, Mongolia’s literacy rate soared from 2% to over 97%, contributing to its modern cultural development.

Soviet aid transformed Mongolia from an agrarian society into a mining-oriented economy. In 1961, Mongolia joined the United Nations with Soviet backing, embracing pro-Soviet policies and promoting Russian language and culture.

Overall, the widespread adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia reflected the influence of the Soviet Union and its dominant Russian culture on the country’s development.

Restoration of Traditional Mongolian Language

Mongolia’s close ties with the Soviet Union persisted until the USSR’s collapse in 1991, after which Mongolia transitioned to a parliamentary system and embraced a multi-party political landscape. With Russia’s declining influence, Mongolia shifted towards an independent foreign policy while maintaining a cautious distance from both Russia and China.

In a move towards cultural independence, Mongolia has phased out Russian language programs and channels, replacing them with cultural content from diverse sources, including Korea. Nationalistic sentiments surged post-1990s, with Mongolia embracing a “Mongolian Orthodoxy” centered around Genghis Khan.

However, the predominant use of Cyrillic Mongolian script contradicts Mongolia’s pursuit of “Mongolian orthodoxy.” To address this, Mongolia plans to gradually reintroduce the traditional Mongolian script, despite challenges posed by the entrenched use of Cyrillic and economic constraints.

The government has taken steps to promote the traditional script, initially within governmental sectors and then extending to civil society. Initiatives include issuing decrees mandating the use of the traditional script in diplomatic activities and official documents.

Although widespread adoption of the traditional script faces hurdles, such as technological compatibility and public familiarity, Mongolia aims to establish it as the official script by 2025. Efforts to promote the traditional language extend to enhancing its presence in information networks and databases.

The adoption of Cyrillic Mongolian script reflects the influence of Russian culture in Mongolia. However, the traditional Mongolian script holds deep roots in Mongolian heritage. Mongolia’s ongoing script reform signifies a reevaluation of its cultural identity and a strategic move towards independence. Achieving widespread use of the traditional language would not only align Mongolia linguistically with Inner Mongolia in China but also serve as a step towards “de-Russianization” in national policy.

Source: Noteshobby, AKlpress News Agence, Geopolitical Monitor

China-Konferenz in Harvard: Chinesischer Botschafter hofft auf gemeinsame Suche nach richtiger Koexistenz

POLITIK

Tendenzblick

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April 22, 2024

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China-Konferenz in Harvard: Chinesischer Botschafter hofft auf gemeinsame Suche nach richtiger Koexistenz

Der chinesische Botschafter in den USA, Xie Feng, hat die Hoffnung geäußert, dass Chinas und die USA gemeinsam nach einem richtigen Weg der Koexistenz suchen.

Xie erklärte in einer Rede auf der diesjährigen China-Konferenz der Harvard-Kennedy-School am Samstag, er hoffe, beide Seite gingen aufeinander zu und suchten gemäß den Prinzipien des gegenseitigen Respekts, der friedlichen Koexistenz und der Win-Win-Kooperation nach einem richtigen Weg der Koexistenz.

Die Welt habe sich drastisch geändert und sei voller Turbulenzen und Unruhen, so der chinesische Diplomat weiter, der dabei auch Chinas Option vorstellte: Für die Entwicklung Chinas müsse die Modernisierung chinesischer Art vorangetrieben und für die Welt eine Gemeinschaft der Menschheit mit geteilter Zukunft aufgebaut werden.

Zur Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen China und den USA schlug der Botschafter eine Fünf-Punkte-Vision vor: Erstens sollten beide Länder eine korrekte Wahrnehmung schaffen. Dabei sei China bereit, mit den USA partnerschaftlich und freundschaftlich zusammenzuarbeiten. Es stelle sich nur die Frage, ob die USA auch bereit seien, in die gleiche Richtung wie China zu gehen. Zweitens sollten beide Seiten ihre Differenzen wirksam kontrollieren. Drittens müsse die für beide Seiten vorteilhafte Zusammenarbeit gefördert werden. Viertens müssten beide Staaten ihre Verantwortungen als Großmächte übernehmen. Nicht zuletzt sollten beide Länder gemeinsam den kulturellen Austausch fördern.

_{(Quelle: CRI Deutsch)}

Über 70 chinesische Filme bei Sondervorstellung von BJIFF präsentiert

KULTUR

Tendenzblick

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April 22, 2024

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Über 70 chinesische Filme bei Sondervorstellung von BJIFF präsentiert

Mehr als 70 chinesische Filme sind bei einer Sondervorstellung des Internationale Filmfestivals Beijing (BJIFF) präsentiert worden.

Durch die Filme sollen der Austausch und die Zusammenarbeit zwischen chinesischen und ausländischen Filmemachern weiter verstärkt sowie die Verbreitung und der Einfluss hochwertiger chinesischer Filme auf den ausländischen Märkten gefördert werden.

Filme wie „Pegasus 2“ und „Chang An“ wurden dabei durch Bilder und Texte sowie die Vorführung der vollständigen Filme beworben. Aussteller sowie Vertreter von Filmverleihern, Botschaften, Konsulaten und Filmverbänden aus mehr als zehn Ländern nahmen an der Veranstaltung teil.

_{(Quelle: CRI Deutsch)}

Forum beim BJIFF erforscht internationalen Vertrieb chinesischer Filme

GESELLSCHAFT

Tendenzblick

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April 22, 2024

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Forum beim BJIFF erforscht internationalen Vertrieb chinesischer Filme

Das Kino ist ein wichtiger Kanal für den kulturellen Austausch, das verschiedene Publikumsgruppen aus der ganzen Welt miteinander verbindet. Im Rahmen des Internationalen Filmfestivals Beijing (BJIFF) trafen sich kürzlich Branchenexperten aus ganz China und anderen Ländern, um über die globale Filmlandschaft zu diskutieren, kreative Erkenntnisse auszutauschen und Möglichkeiten der Zusammenarbeit zu erkunden.

Unter dem Motto „Von Filmen erleuchtet, als Einheit vereint“ wurde ein Forum organisiert, um den Austausch zwischen chinesischen und ausländischen Filmemachern zu fördern. Ein prominentes Podium beleuchtete die Erfahrungen und Aussichten im Zusammenhang mit dem internationalen Vertrieb chinesischer Filme.

Der weltweite Erfolg von Filmexporten wie „The Wandering Earth 2“, „Hidden Blade“ und „Lost in the Stars“ hat Chinas filmische Bandbreite unterstrichen, die über traditionelle Kampfkunstthemen hinausgeht und das Publikum über Grenzen hinweg mit Erzählungen fesselt.

Der in London ansässige Verleih Trinity CineAsia spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Ausweitung der Reichweite von erfolgreichen chinesischen Filmen, wie „Creation of the Gods“ und „The Wandering Earth 2“. Mitbegründer Cedric Behrel erläuterte die Mission des Unternehmens, das chinesische Kino einem breiteren globalen Publikum zugänglich zu machen: „In erster Linie richten wir uns an das chinesischsprachige Publikum. Aber natürlich ist es auch unsere Aufgabe, chinesische Mainstream-Filme einem größeren Publikum zugänglich zu machen. Wir haben also viel zu tun, um für die Filme zu werben, zum Beispiel Pressevorführungen organisieren, die lokalen Medien einbeziehen und Blickwinkel finden, die das lokale Publikum anziehen können.“

Der Vorstoß in internationale Märkte bringt jedoch auch einige Herausforderungen mit sich. Stephanie Lee, Regional Content Managerin bei Westec Media, wies auf die Schwierigkeiten bei der Übersetzung und die kulturellen Nuancen hin, die den Zugang zu einem vielfältigen Publikum erschweren. „Die Herausforderung, mit der wir konfrontiert sind, ist der Verlust bei der Übersetzung. Da viele Zuschauer in Südostasien kein Mandarin verstehen, haben sie bei der Übersetzung ins Englische oder in lokale Sprachen möglicherweise Schwierigkeiten, die ursprüngliche Bedeutung zu erfassen und verpassen auch einige Witze.“

Trotz dieser Hindernisse entwickelt sich das chinesische Kino im Ausland weiter, vor allem durch die steigende Qualität und Vielfalt. Der Erwerb der Remake-Rechte für „Hi, Mom“ durch Sony Pictures unterstreicht diesen Trend und öffnet dem chinesischen Kino neue Wege im Ausland.

Das Forum im Rahmen des BJIFF diente als zentrale Plattform für Filmemacher aus China und dem Ausland, um einen substanziellen Dialog zu führen und potenzielle Zusammenarbeit zu kultivieren. Dieser kulturübergreifende Austausch verspricht eine Bereicherung der globalen Kinolandschaft und fördert eine tiefere Wertschätzung für unterschiedliche Erzähltraditionen.

_{(Quelle: CRI Deutsch)}

Peter A. Fischer: Das westliche Jammern über „Überkapazitäten“ aus China ist scheinheilig und kurzsichtig

WIRTSCHAFT

Tendenzblick

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April 22, 2024

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Peter A. Fischer: Das westliche Jammern über „Überkapazitäten“ aus China ist scheinheilig und kurzsichtig

Das westliche Jammern über die „Überkapazitäten“ aus China ist scheinheilig und kurzsichtig. Dies schrieb Peter A. Fischer, Chefökonom der „Neuen Züricher Zeitung“, in seinem neulich auf der Website der Zeitung veröffentlichten Kommentar.

In dem Kommentar wies Fischer darauf hin, dass es bis jetzt keine Daten gebe, die belegten, dass der europäische Markt von chinesischen Waren überflutet werde. Lange Zeit hätten die europäischen Autobauer „den anstehenden Wechsel zur Elektromobilität zu wenig ernst genommen“ und das Klagen über chinesische Subventionen wirke reichlich scheinheilig.

https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/chinas-exporte-das-westliche-jammern-ist-scheinheilig-ld.1826559

Er vertrete die Meinung, dass Industriepolitik teuer und meist wenig effektiv sei. „Wenn der Westen günstigere Solarpanels und Windräder erhält und wenn innovative chinesische Elektroautos europäische Hersteller dazu zwingen, ebenfalls besser zu werden (oder vom Markt auszuscheiden), sollte man sich als Konsument darüber freuen“, schrieb er.

Zum Schluss schlug der Autor den westlichen Ländern vor, statt vor der „chinesischen Gefahr“ zu warnen, sich dem Wettbewerb zu stellen, von guten sowie günstigen Produkten zu profitieren und dabei auf gleichberechtigten Marktzugang zu drängen.

_{(Quelle: CRI Deutsch, NZZ)}

Did Ancient Times Require Driver’s Licenses? Delving into Chinese Traffic Regulations

THINKVIEWS

Xiaoer Lundao

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April 20, 2024

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Did Ancient Times Require Driver’s Licenses? Delving into Chinese Traffic Regulations

Despite the ancient origins of transportation, which involved livestock-driven carts, driving has always been a matter of personal safety and the well-being of others. How did drivers navigate these responsibilities in ancient times, and what regulations governed their conduct on the roads?

The genesis of the transport tools can be traced back to antiquity, with legends from the era of the Yellow Emperor mentioning inventions like carts. Nonetheless, the absence of concrete archaeological proof limits the persuasive power of these legends.

During the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, excavations in Ruins of Yin unveiled intact horse-drawn carriages, offering tangible evidence of early transportation methods. Additionally, numerous oracle bone inscriptions referencing carriages underscore the prevalence of horse-drawn carriages in daily life during these dynasties.

The sophistication of carriages during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties suggests that the earliest prototypes of carriages likely existed before this period. Various claims regarding the earliest carriage makers in ancient dynasties have surfaced over time. In the literature of the Warring States period, Xi Zhong is credited with making the carriages, supported by circumstantial evidence from contemporaneous canonical texts. It’s generally agreed that Xi Zhong lived during the time of Xia and Yu. Alternatively, there are assertions that some emperors were responsible for the invention of the carriages, reflecting a tendency to attribute advancements to prominent figures of the time.

During the Western Zhou period, horse-drawn carriages remained relatively rare, primarily serving as luxurious items buried alongside princes and nobles in high-grade tombs, symbolizing their elevated status and societal position. Carriage construction was challenging during this era, with carriages primarily utilized for military purposes, serving as indispensable tools of warfare. Driving primarily involved operating chariots for offensive and defensive maneuvers, requiring specialized training and assessment. However, a standardized licensing system for drivers did not emerge until much later.

The Western Zhou chariot consisted of shaft, carriage, and wheels, with soldiers positioned at the forefront to scout for enemy movements. In early feudal society, the role of the carriage transcended its purely military function, evolving into a vital tool for social life. According to the Rites of Zhou, one of the six arts emphasized in ancient times, mastery of riding was essential for an individual to be considered well-rounded.

During the Spring and Autumn period, riding proficiency was rigorously assessed through the specialized skill. This evaluation encompassed various technical standards. First, the stability and uniform speed of the carriage or shaft were crucial. The rhythmic sound of bells adorning the carriage indicated the rider’s skill level; chaotic or inconsistent bell tones suggested a lack of proficiency. Second, the rider needs the ability to maneuver smoothly along the curvature of a river, requiring a delicate balance of flexibility and stability—a precursor to modern-day assessments of handling S curves. Third, the rider demanded precise judgment and skillful navigation through a narrow passageway, with minimal clearance between the carriage and obstacles, testing the rider’s estimation and control abilities under pressure. Furthermore, the rider has to maintain the stability of the carriage while facing continuous laps and negotiating challenging bends over long distances. In the end, the rider also needs to chase animals, testing both riding and marksmanship skills. This exercise aimed to train riders as a reserve force of warriors who could step in when there was a shortage of chariot drivers.

During the Spring and Autumn period, the rider’s license test remained exceptionally challenging, with each component mirroring aspects of modern driver’s license exams, albeit with more intricate tasks that demanded both skill and courage from royal candidates.

Following the Qin and Han Dynasties, cavalry replaced carriages on the battlefield due to their increased flexibility, and as horses became more expensive, driving carriages transitioned into a noble sport. Nobles paid close attention to the color and breed of their horses, adorning their carriages lavishly for thrilling races. During the Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties, literati popularized leisurely riding excursions, stocking their carriages with food and wine, laying the groundwork for today’s RV travel experience.

As horse-drawn carriages faded from prominence in history, ox-carts and donkey carts emerged as cost-effective and efficient alternatives, finding widespread use in civil society. However, by the time of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, horse-drawn carriages had largely disappeared from common sight.

During the Qin Dynasty, the laws mandated that if the rider failed the test on four occasions, they would be disqualified from further attempts and subjected to four years of unpaid service. It was a strict regulation reflecting the importance of driving proficiency.

In the Tang Dynasty, the concept of a formal “license” for drivers emerged. Individuals operating carts such as donkey carts faced less stringent requirements compared to those heavier carts like oxcarts, which were considered equivalent to modern heavy-duty vehicles. This differentiation in licensing requirements aimed to ensure the safe operation of various types of carts on the roads.

China can be credited as one of the world’s earliest proponents of traffic rules, with detailed regulations outlined in laws spanning various dynasties.

During the Warring States period, regulations governing pedestrian-cart traffic were implemented, with specific rules for pedestrians. According to the Record of Trades, craftsmen stationed outside the capital were directed to travel on the right for men and on the left for women, while carts used the middle gate. This early record of road diversion in China underscores the ancients’ concern for safety.

In urban areas, individuals acted as traffic police to regulate pedestrian flow. Tang Dynasty laws mandated a leftward entry and rightward exit at city gates, reflecting the evolving norms of pedestrian movement. However, this separation primarily facilitated identity checks at city gates and wasn’t widely enforced on city roads.

Regulating riding speed was a crucial aspect of ancient traffic regulations. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, crowded streets necessitated measures to control speeding. The law stipulated that riding fast without valid reason was prohibited, punishable by thorn whipping, with additional fines for causing casualties. However, compassionate provisions allowed for forgiveness in cases of legitimate emergencies such as official duties, court matters, or medical emergencies, demonstrating a balance between enforcement and empathy.

In ancient times, passing a riding test was no simple feat, as it centered on mastering the art of harnessing livestock and maneuvering carriages. Livestock, with their unpredictable nature, posed a greater challenge to control compared to machines.

Adherence to traffic regulations while riding animal-drawn carts was paramount to ensuring personal safety and the safety of others. The existence of traffic laws and regulations in ancient times mirrors the modern-day emphasis on safe driving practices, highlighting the enduring importance placed on road safety across different historical periods.

_{(Source: the Paper, China National History)}